At present, the moon and Mars are the main focus of deep space exploration, scientific pursuits are the initial goal, and extensive cooperation leads to a greater prospect. China has made many scientific achievements and built considerable infrastructure through its lunar and Mars exploration activities. In the future, China will continue to carry out deep space exploration activities with scientific goals as the driving force, develop the International Lunar Research Station, explore the sun, inner planets and asteroids, discover exoplanets and build an asteroid defence system. 
In order to support future deep space exploration missions, China will construct an integrated communication, navigation and remote sensing constellation and develop heavy-lift launch vehicles. China offers a wide range of opportunities for cooperation, upholds the central role of Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS), and welcomes all countries in the world to participate in deep space exploration activities.

As the closest celestial body to the Earth, the moon is a hot spot for international space science research at present. Countries around the world have conducted lunar exploration time after time, among which, China’s Lunar Exploration Program has achieved 6 consecutive successful lunar missions. China has made a series of significant achievements in deep space exploration, and its cooperation with international partners is increasingly strengthened. 
In order to gather global space power and scientists’ wisdom, the International lunar Research Station (ILRS) is proposed by China and will be jointly constructed by many countries, which will be equipped with the support capabilities of energy supply, central control, communications and navigation, space-Earth round-trip transportation, lunar surface scientific research, and ground support. All international partners are encouraged to jointly develop and build the ILRS, and to jointly initiate the establishment of the International Lunar Research Station Cooperation Organization (ILRSCO) to achieve the long-term effective, operation and management of the station. The vast universe sparks the exploration dream of humankind, so let’s set sail together.

In an era of unprecedented scientific advancements and ambitious space exploration goals, international collaboration has become a key driver of progress. China’s kind and peaceful invitation to engage in collaborative ventures within the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) and deep space exploration project presents a significant opportunity to respond with constructive contributions in engineering and scientific domains. This article aims to illuminate the potential advantages of becoming a partner in the ILRS and deep space exploration project, showcasing a selection of captivating missions that await exploration. By embracing this generous and peace-promoting offer extended by China, the global scientific community can foster meaningful partnerships and achieve groundbreaking advancements in lunar and deep space exploration. China’s resolute dedication to international cooperation in lunar and deep space exploration has resulted in immeasurable contributions, propelling our understanding of the universe and pushing the limits of human knowledge. Through a shared vision, these collective endeavors have brought us closer to unraveling the enigmas of the cosmos and expanding the frontiers of our comprehension. By conducting a series of scientific experiments, Türkiye will actively contribute in the domains of science and technology. Building upon the knowledge and expertise acquired through its own lunar mission, Türkiye has been diligently conducting a comprehensive analysis of the prospective realms of contribution delineated within the ILRS and deep space missions conducted thus far.

Mega-constellations of satellites are making a complex network in Low-Earth Orbit (LEO), which presents new legal and technical challenges. The widespread operation of mega-constellations necessitates a special technical and legal regulatory framework that is constantly evolving based on emerging technologies. Although it has not yet been completely established since it is fully dependent on the development of Space Traffic Management (STM), including the rules on space debris mitigation and collision avoidance systems, cyber security issues, environmental concerns, rules of registration, Radio Frequency Interferences (RFI), Space Surveillance & Tracking (SST), etc.
This paper addresses the legal issues of coordinating LEO mega-constellation operations within the framework of STM. The LEO mega-constellations creating the space environment congested necessitates the establishment of STM rules and standards to safeguard the safety, security, and sustainability of outer space activities. To do so, States and the private sector will have to develop effective, safe, and workable mechanisms that will allow space activities in the field of the deployment and operation of satellite constellations while ensuring the sustainability of all space activities on a long-term basis. Moreover, it needs the cooperation of related national and international organizations and other entities, including the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS), its Subcommittees, and Internation Telecommunication Union (ITU), to solve the legal and technical challenges of satellite constellations, especially mega-constellations, through the amendment of the current international legal regime, the implementation of a new international treaty, or the creation of soft law documents.

The paper gives a brief review of the upcoming Russian moon and Venus robotic exploration missions, including objectives and cooperation opportunities. It also introduces the joint Russia-China International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) program from perspective of cooperation in space science.

The International Lunar Observatory Association (ILOA) is an inter-global enterprise incorporated in Hawai’i as a non-profit organization in 2007 to advance human understanding the cosmos through observation of the moon, helping to realize long-term astronomical and scientific exploration of the moon’s South Pole, and participate in a human lunar base build-out — with Aloha. ILOA has an international board of 28 Directors from around the world. 
Science education and public engagement have been fundamental principles for ILOA since its inception in 2007.

The pace at which a space agency or any space sector company develops depends greatly on the level of space governance in the nation where it operates and international cooperation. The Venezuelan government is aware of the significance of space activities and impact in growth of the country’s various economic sectors. As the People’s Republic of China expressed interest in transferring technology to Venezuela to build local capabilities for satellite operations in the field of telecommunications and later in the field of remote sensing, cooperation between the two countries has played a significant role in the development of the Venezuelan Space Program. At the moment, Venezuela 
is working to consolidate activities related to the design, assembly, integration, and testing of spacecraft. In the quest to strengthen the ties of cooperation between the two nations, the People’s Republic of China invited the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela during the month of April 2023 to form part of the cooperation on the International Lunar Research Station project, which represents an opportunity for the Latin American country to participate in new projects and be able to contribute in some of the categories established for the mentioned program.

In recent years, with the development of the world space industry, more and more new spacecraft have been launched to low-Earth orbit. The amount of space debris in space has been increasing year by year, with a net increase in total debris in outer space. It has become a serious environmental problem bringing potentially enormous harm to human activities. The traditional space debris mitigation international mechanism cannot change the status quo of the continuous growth of total space debris, which will have a serious impact on future development and operation in space. Although many countries are actively exploring and researching effective and feasible solutions for space debris, they have not yet developed an international legal mechanism specifically covering the issue of “proactive removal of space debris” to clearly define the responsibilities and obligations for the active removal of space debris. To further implement such a plan, it is necessary for the international community to clarify the international legal responsibility for the active removal of space debris. Therefore, this paper will start with the relevant legal provisions of space debris, analyze the current situation of space debris and the issue and status quo of the active removal of space debris, and further clarify the responsibility and obligation of space debris active removal for each country to actively remove space debris.

Since the official operation of the BeiDou Global Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3), it has played a vital role in the national economy, national defence and security, and to enhance the people’s productivity and life. Based upon the three main characteristics, route design inheritance and development, highly integrated services, and “spiraling” incremental development, this paper introduces the service composition of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and summarizes the evolution of four types of BDS services, that include Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT), message communications, navigation augmentation, and international Search and Rescue (SAR). Moreover, the design features and performance of each service are discussed in detail, and the development trend of BDS services is examined in the light of the latest round of changes in the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Finally, development proposals are proposed, namely, stable operation of the system, enhancement of service performance, and empowerment through integration of multiple means.

With the rapid development of intelligent connected vehicles, high-precision 3D navigation has become a key supporting technology. This article conducted a series of drive tests using the high-precision navigation technology of BeiDou and BeiDou+5G hybrid positioning technology, aiming to verify the positioning performance in complex highway traffic environments. The test was conducted on actual roads in Beijing and Hangzhou showed that the positioning accuracy of BeiDou high-precision navigation reached a real-time centimeter level, with a fixed rate of about 95% and a convergence time of less than 2 s. The elevation accuracy of BeiDou+5G hybrid positioning was better than 0.2 m. Combined with three-dimensional high-precision laser point cloud maps, the overlay verification showed that the model can support three-dimensional lane level navigation, verifying the application potential of BeiDou high-precision positioning and BeiDou+5G hybrid positioning technology in the fields of autonomous driving and intelligent connected vehicles.

Acknowledged as a highly versatile manufacturing technology, additive manufacturing holds the potential to transform traditional manufacturing practices in the future. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the latest processes for manufacturing multi-material structural components using additive manufacturing technologies. It discusses the most recent applications of these processes in the fields of automotive, aerospace, biomedical, and dental, and presents a systematic overview of commonly used methods in multi-material additive manufacturing.

This paper examines the interpretation and implementation of the “peaceful purposes” clause as it applies to military activities in outer space, analyzing its legal and political implications within the framework of international space law. The term “peaceful purposes” has long served as a cornerstone in treaties like the Outer Space Treaty (1967), designed to promote the peaceful use of outer space. However, ambiguities in its interpretation have led to diverging views among states, particularly as space activities increasingly intersect with military interests. This study investigates how the peaceful purposes principle has been interpreted in key legal instruments, evaluates how it applies to various military uses of outer space, and assesses the implications of these interpretations for international security and space governance. By examining recent state practices, doctrinal perspectives, and multilateral negotiations, the paper highlights the tension between the principle of non-aggression and the militarization of space, offering insights into potential pathways for legal reform and cooperation. The findings suggest that while the concept of “peaceful purposes” is rooted in non-hostile use, evolving geopolitical dynamics and technological advancements are challenging its application, necessitating clearer legal frameworks to balance national security interests with the pursuit of a sustainable and peaceful outer space environment.

In this paper, the technical specifications and characteristics of long-wave infrared payloads are summarized, and the main technical indicators are band, resolution, width, etc. The technical characteristics and initial in-orbit application of a new generation of advanced wide-width thermal infrared imager in China are emphatically introduced. Through analysis, it is concluded that the future development of long-wave load should meet the requirements of high radiation resolution, high calibration accuracy, high time resolution and high spatial resolution.

This paper proposes a multi-UAV cooperative exploration approach based on task-density space partition. In the research of multi-UAV cooperative exploration, it is a prevalent cooperative scheme to control robots to work independently in partitioned spaces. Nonetheless, only considering the position of robots during space partition cannot effectively ensure the overall cooperative efficiency. According to research on task density of current time points and positions of robots during exploration, robots with fewer task points are assigned to work in spaces with more tasks in the rolling horizon optimization planning mode, which can reduce the redundancy of multi-robot cooperative work. Comparative research suggests that the overall exploration efficiency is improved.

As the core of the rocket system, the performance and quality of rocket engines are of paramount importance. Currently, the production of aerospace model rocket engines does not differentiate the production and selection of motors according to the importance of the mission, which is insufficient to ensure the high reliability requirements of important launch missions. To select rocket engines with better performance quality for more critical launch missions, this paper uses fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and TOPSIS methods based on the test value or assessment information of evaluation indicators. The method scientifically and accurately ranks the performance quality of rocket engines, choosing the engines with better performance quality for more strategic missions, and providing technical support for national management decisions.

Aluminum alloy is widely used in military, automobile, aerospace, electronics, electric power and other industries. With the continuous development of industry, the demand for lightweight, topology structure and integration of functions and structures is becoming increasingly strong. Traditional technology has been unable to meet the demand. Additive manufacturing has significant advantages in the integrated forming of complex components due to its direct forming, strong adaptability, and short manufacturing cycle. This article comprehensively reviews the research progress of additive manufacturing of aluminum alloys in recent years, with a focus on three additive manufacturing technologies which are wire and arc additive manufacturing, laser metal deposition and selective laser melting. It reviews the principles of the three technologies and the progress in recent years and summarizes the challenges faced by the additive manufacturing of aluminum alloys and their solutions.

 A legal regime for property rights of spacecraft in China is of great significance for expanding new-types of international collaboration and promoting commercial space development in China. China has so far yet to establish the relevant legal regime that governs the property rights of spacecraft, this has therefore resulted in the lack of rule and fundamental law with respect to domestic commercial space development and international space collaboration. 
In contrast, under legislation, the legal regime of property right registration for commercial spacecraft was introduced by Congress in the United States of America (the U.S.A.) in 1984. This effectively promoted the commercial space development in the U.S.A. Similarly, the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China (effective as from January 1, 2021) has specified a legal regime of property right registration for aircraft and ships thereby having effectuated the flourishing development of China’s aviation and maritime industries. Constructing a legal regime for the property rights of spacecraft in China is meant to include but not be limited to the establishment of registration regime of property rights, a distinct regime of ownership, and a registration regime for mortgage and financial leasing in connection with spacecraft. 
It is recommended that establishment of the registration and exchange centers for property rights of spacecraft be considered in the cities of Beijing and Shanghai. These would operate as centers managing the property right registration and transaction settlement associated with spacecraft along with their effective payloads so as to create the formation of a transaction mechanism for domestic spacecraft and their effective payload applications, thus providing a legal basis for activities such as financing, investment and transfer of ownership, involving spacecraft developed in China. This would drive China’s aerospace industry to be better integrated with the global aerospace market. Formation of a registration regime for property rights of spacecraft in China is advised to take into account a variety of legislation modus such as mandatory registration, optional registration, a mechanism taking effect as a result of registration or against a third party as a result of registration or with a coverage of certain crucial legislative aspects specifically the registration body, registration subject, registration type, validity of registration, types of right, etc.

This paper introduces an integrated design and manufacturing technology for L-band spiral antennas based on modified polyetheretherketone (PEEK). Initially, PEEK granules are blended with a laser activator for granulation and filamentation, and the antenna structure is fabricated using a fused deposition modeling (FDM) forming device. Subsequently, a pulsed infrared laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm is employed to etch spiral microstrips and feed network board circuit functional patterns on the surface of the formed PEEK material structure. Combined with electroless plating technology, metallization of the spiral lines on the PEEK surface and the feed network board circuitare achieved. Test results demonstrate that the integrated spiral antenna exhibits a standing wave ratio of 1.46 at a frequency of 1.575 GHz, with a gain of ≥-2 dBi within a range of ±70°, and a gain of ≥-4 dBi within a range of ±85°, essentially meeting the antenna specifications. The study indicates that this method holds research and application value for integrated products such as antennas and structural circuits.