At present, the moon and Mars are the main focus of deep space exploration, scientific pursuits are the initial goal, and extensive cooperation leads to a greater prospect. China has made many scientific achievements and built considerable infrastructure through its lunar and Mars exploration activities. In the future, China will continue to carry out deep space exploration activities with scientific goals as the driving force, develop the International Lunar Research Station, explore the sun, inner planets and asteroids, discover exoplanets and build an asteroid defence system. 
In order to support future deep space exploration missions, China will construct an integrated communication, navigation and remote sensing constellation and develop heavy-lift launch vehicles. China offers a wide range of opportunities for cooperation, upholds the central role of Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS), and welcomes all countries in the world to participate in deep space exploration activities.

As the closest celestial body to the Earth, the moon is a hot spot for international space science research at present. Countries around the world have conducted lunar exploration time after time, among which, China’s Lunar Exploration Program has achieved 6 consecutive successful lunar missions. China has made a series of significant achievements in deep space exploration, and its cooperation with international partners is increasingly strengthened. 
In order to gather global space power and scientists’ wisdom, the International lunar Research Station (ILRS) is proposed by China and will be jointly constructed by many countries, which will be equipped with the support capabilities of energy supply, central control, communications and navigation, space-Earth round-trip transportation, lunar surface scientific research, and ground support. All international partners are encouraged to jointly develop and build the ILRS, and to jointly initiate the establishment of the International Lunar Research Station Cooperation Organization (ILRSCO) to achieve the long-term effective, operation and management of the station. The vast universe sparks the exploration dream of humankind, so let’s set sail together.

The paper gives a brief review of the upcoming Russian moon and Venus robotic exploration missions, including objectives and cooperation opportunities. It also introduces the joint Russia-China International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) program from perspective of cooperation in space science.

The International Lunar Observatory Association (ILOA) is an inter-global enterprise incorporated in Hawai’i as a non-profit organization in 2007 to advance human understanding the cosmos through observation of the moon, helping to realize long-term astronomical and scientific exploration of the moon’s South Pole, and participate in a human lunar base build-out — with Aloha. ILOA has an international board of 28 Directors from around the world. 
Science education and public engagement have been fundamental principles for ILOA since its inception in 2007.

The pace at which a space agency or any space sector company develops depends greatly on the level of space governance in the nation where it operates and international cooperation. The Venezuelan government is aware of the significance of space activities and impact in growth of the country’s various economic sectors. As the People’s Republic of China expressed interest in transferring technology to Venezuela to build local capabilities for satellite operations in the field of telecommunications and later in the field of remote sensing, cooperation between the two countries has played a significant role in the development of the Venezuelan Space Program. At the moment, Venezuela 
is working to consolidate activities related to the design, assembly, integration, and testing of spacecraft. In the quest to strengthen the ties of cooperation between the two nations, the People’s Republic of China invited the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela during the month of April 2023 to form part of the cooperation on the International Lunar Research Station project, which represents an opportunity for the Latin American country to participate in new projects and be able to contribute in some of the categories established for the mentioned program.

In an era of unprecedented scientific advancements and ambitious space exploration goals, international collaboration has become a key driver of progress. China’s kind and peaceful invitation to engage in collaborative ventures within the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) and deep space exploration project presents a significant opportunity to respond with constructive contributions in engineering and scientific domains. This article aims to illuminate the potential advantages of becoming a partner in the ILRS and deep space exploration project, showcasing a selection of captivating missions that await exploration. By embracing this generous and peace-promoting offer extended by China, the global scientific community can foster meaningful partnerships and achieve groundbreaking advancements in lunar and deep space exploration. China’s resolute dedication to international cooperation in lunar and deep space exploration has resulted in immeasurable contributions, propelling our understanding of the universe and pushing the limits of human knowledge. Through a shared vision, these collective endeavors have brought us closer to unraveling the enigmas of the cosmos and expanding the frontiers of our comprehension. By conducting a series of scientific experiments, Türkiye will actively contribute in the domains of science and technology. Building upon the knowledge and expertise acquired through its own lunar mission, Türkiye has been diligently conducting a comprehensive analysis of the prospective realms of contribution delineated within the ILRS and deep space missions conducted thus far.

 A legal regime for property rights of spacecraft in China is of great significance for expanding new-types of international collaboration and promoting commercial space development in China. China has so far yet to establish the relevant legal regime that governs the property rights of spacecraft, this has therefore resulted in the lack of rule and fundamental law with respect to domestic commercial space development and international space collaboration. 
In contrast, under legislation, the legal regime of property right registration for commercial spacecraft was introduced by Congress in the United States of America (the U.S.A.) in 1984. This effectively promoted the commercial space development in the U.S.A. Similarly, the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China (effective as from January 1, 2021) has specified a legal regime of property right registration for aircraft and ships thereby having effectuated the flourishing development of China’s aviation and maritime industries. Constructing a legal regime for the property rights of spacecraft in China is meant to include but not be limited to the establishment of registration regime of property rights, a distinct regime of ownership, and a registration regime for mortgage and financial leasing in connection with spacecraft. 
It is recommended that establishment of the registration and exchange centers for property rights of spacecraft be considered in the cities of Beijing and Shanghai. These would operate as centers managing the property right registration and transaction settlement associated with spacecraft along with their effective payloads so as to create the formation of a transaction mechanism for domestic spacecraft and their effective payload applications, thus providing a legal basis for activities such as financing, investment and transfer of ownership, involving spacecraft developed in China. This would drive China’s aerospace industry to be better integrated with the global aerospace market. Formation of a registration regime for property rights of spacecraft in China is advised to take into account a variety of legislation modus such as mandatory registration, optional registration, a mechanism taking effect as a result of registration or against a third party as a result of registration or with a coverage of certain crucial legislative aspects specifically the registration body, registration subject, registration type, validity of registration, types of right, etc.

In recent years, with the development of the world space industry, more and more new spacecraft have been launched to low-Earth orbit. The amount of space debris in space has been increasing year by year, with a net increase in total debris in outer space. It has become a serious environmental problem bringing potentially enormous harm to human activities. The traditional space debris mitigation international mechanism cannot change the status quo of the continuous growth of total space debris, which will have a serious impact on future development and operation in space. Although many countries are actively exploring and researching effective and feasible solutions for space debris, they have not yet developed an international legal mechanism specifically covering the issue of “proactive removal of space debris” to clearly define the responsibilities and obligations for the active removal of space debris. To further implement such a plan, it is necessary for the international community to clarify the international legal responsibility for the active removal of space debris. Therefore, this paper will start with the relevant legal provisions of space debris, analyze the current situation of space debris and the issue and status quo of the active removal of space debris, and further clarify the responsibility and obligation of space debris active removal for each country to actively remove space debris.